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Allah (English pronunciation: /ˈælə/ or /ˈɑːlə/;^[1] Arabic: الله‎ Allāh, IPA: [ʔalˤˈlˤɑːh] (

listen)) is the Arabic word for God (al ilāh, literally "the God").^[2]^[3]^[4] The word has cognates in other Semitic languages, including Elah in Aramaic, ʾĒl in Canaanite and Elohim inHebrew.^[5]^[6]

It is used mainly by Muslims to refer to God in Islam,^[7] but it has also been used by Arab Christians since pre-Islamic times.^[8] It is also often, albeit not exclusively, used by Bábists, Bahá'ís, Indonesian and Maltese Christians, and Mizrahi Jews.^[5]^[9]^[10] Christians and Sikhs in West Malaysia also use and have used the word to refer to God. This has caused political and legal controversies there as the law in West Malaysia prohibits non-Islamic uses of the word.

The term Allāh is derived from a contraction of the Arabic definite article al- "the" and ilāh "deity, god" to al-lāh meaning "the [sole] deity, God" (ὁ θεὸς μόνος, ho theos monos).^[15] Cognates of the name "Allāh" exist in other Semitic languages, including Hebrew andAramaic.^[16] The corresponding Aramaic form is Elah (אלה), but its emphatic state is Elaha (אלהא). It is written as ܐܠܗܐ (ʼĔlāhā) inBiblical Aramaic and ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ (ʼAlâhâ) in Syriac as used by the Assyrian Church, both meaning simply "God".^[17] Biblical Hebrew mostly uses the plural (but functional singular) form Elohim (אלהים), but more rarely it also uses the singular form Eloah (אלוהּ). In the Sikhscripture of Guru Granth Sahib, the term Allah (Punjabi: ਅਲਹੁ) is used 37 times.^[18]

The name was previously used by pagan Meccans as a reference to a creator deity, possibly the supreme deity in pre-Islamic Arabia.^[19]^[20] The concepts associated with the term Allah (as a deity) differ among religious traditions. In pre-Islamic Arabia amongst pagan Arabs, Allah was not considered the sole divinity, having associates and companions, sons and daughters–a concept that was deleted under the process of Islamization. In Islam, the name Allah is the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name, and all other divine names are believed to refer back to Allah.^[21] Allah is unique, the only Deity, creator of the universe and omnipotent.^[9]^[10] Arab Christians today use terms such as Allāh al-Ab (الله الأب, 'God the Father') to distinguish their usage from Muslim usage.^[22] There are both similarities and differences between the concept of God as portrayed in the Quran and the Hebrew Bible.^[23] It has also been applied to certain living human beings as personifications of the term and concept.^[24]^[25]

There is a Unicode character for the word Allāh, ﷲ = U+FDF2.^[26] Many Arabic type fonts feature special ligatures for Allah.^[27]

Usage

Occasionally, the name Allah or Alla has been alleged to occur in the Epic of Atrahasis engraved on several tablets dating back to around 1700 BC in Babylon. However, the clear Akkadian references refer to the god Enlil (alternative spelling Ellil), the god of the wind/storm. (Atrahasis 1:45, 68, and passim.)^[28]^[29]

Many inscriptions containing the name Allah have been discovered in Northern and Southern Arabia as early as the 5th century B.C., including Lihyanitic, Thamudic and South Arabian inscriptions.^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]

Dumuzid the Shepherd, a king of the 1st Dynasty of Uruk named on the Sumerian King List, was later over-venerated so that people started associating him with "Alla" and the Babylonian god Tammuz.^[34]

Nabataeans

The name Allah was used by Nabataeans in compound names, such as "Abd Allah" (The Servant/Slave of Allah), "Aush Allah" (The Faith of Allah), "Amat Allah" (The She-Servant of Allah), "Hab Allah" (Beloved of Allah), "Han Allah" (Allah is gracious), "Shalm Allah" (Peace of Allah), while the name "Wahab Allah" (The Gift of Allah) was found throughout the entire region of the Nabataean kingdom.^[35]^[36]

From Nabataean inscriptions, Allah seems to have been regarded as a "High and Main God", while other deities were considered to be mediators before Allah and of a second status, which was the same case of the worshipers at the Kaaba temple at Mecca.^[37]

Pre-Islamic Meccans

Meccans worshipped him and Al-lāt, Al-‘Uzzá, Manāt as his daughters. Some Jews might have considered Uzair to be his son.^{[citation needed]} Christians and Hanifs used the term 'Bismillah', 'in the name of Allah' and the name Allah to refer to the supreme Deity in Arabic stone inscriptions centuries before Islam.^[38]

Islam

Main article: God in Islam

See also: Names of God in the Qur'an

Medallion showing "Allah Jalla Jalaluhu" in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey.

According to Islamic belief, Allah is the proper name of God,^[39] and humble submission to his will, divine ordinances and commandments is the pivot of the Muslim faith.^[9] "He is the only God, creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind."^[9]^[10] "He is unique (wāḥid) and inherently one (aḥad), all-merciful and omnipotent."^[9] The Qur'an declares "the reality of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His various names, and His actions on behalf of His creatures."^[9]

Allah script outsideEski Cami (The Old Mosque) in Edirne, Turkey.

In Islamic tradition, there are 99 Names of God (al-asmā’ al-ḥusná lit. meaning: 'the best names' or 'the most beautiful names'), each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah.^[10]^[40] All these names refer to Allah, the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name.^[21]Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Merciful" (al-Raḥmān) and "the Compassionate" (al-Raḥīm).^[10]^[40]

Most Muslims use the untranslated Arabic phrase in shā’ Allāh (meaning 'if God wills') after references to future events.^[41] Muslim discursive piety encourages beginning things with the invocation of bismillāh (meaning 'in the name of God').^[42]

There are certain phrases in praise of God that are favored by Muslims, including "Subḥān Allāh" (Holiness be to God), "al-ḥamdu lillāh" (Praise be to God), "lā ilāha illā Allāh" (There is no deity but God) and "Allāhu akbar" (God is greater) as a devotional exercise of remembering God (dhikr).^[43] In a Sufi practice known as dhikr Allah (lit. remembrance of God), the Sufi repeats and contemplates on the name Allah or other divine names while controlling his or her breath.^[44]

Some scholars^[who?] have suggested that Muḥammad used the term Allah in addressing both pagan Arabs and Jews or Christians in order to establish a common ground for the understanding of the name for God, a claim Gerhard Böwering says is doubtful.^[39] According to Böwering, in contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism, God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and jinn.^[39] Pre-Islamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This was replaced with the Islamic notion of a powerful but provident and merciful God.^[45]

According to Francis Edwards Peters, "The Qur’ān insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews (29:46). The Qur’an's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham". Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than Yahweh, and as a universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites.

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