Saturday, 28 February 2015

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An ardent proponent of such causes as women’s suffrage and their societal and economic independence, Gilman argued for the equal treatment of women and encouraged them to pursue interests outside of the home. She produced a number of highly praised fiction and non-fiction works during her lifetime including poems, plays, essays, critiques, short stories and novels which are still studied today for their relevancy in the 21st century.
Charlotte Anna Perkins was born on 3 July, 1860 in the New England town of Hartford, Connecticut. She was the daughter of Mary Fitch Westcott and librarian and writer Frederick Beecher Perkins. She was the great niece of Henry Ward Beecher (clergyman and social reformer) and his sister Harriet Beecher Stowe (author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin).
Young Charlotte’s father is said to have abandoned his family and with few resources and on the brink of poverty they moved about often, living in temporary lodgings or with various relatives for a number of years. Gilman attended the Rhode Island School of Design (founded in 1877) and went on to do some teaching, and also designed greeting cards.
In 1884 she married fellow artist Charles Walter Stetson (1858-1911) with whom she had a daughter Katharine Beecher Stetson (b.1885). Her ensuing depression, possibly post-partum, and nervous breakdown affected her for
years to come. Gilman went to a sanitorium in Philadelphia in 1887 where she was treated by Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell, who is the doctor in “The Yellow Wallpaper”. His `rest cure’ included no physical or intellectual stimulation and he roundly forbade Gilman to write, suggesting she `live as domestic a life as possible’.
Rejecting this harsh pronouncement, Gilman moved to California around 1888 after also separating from her husband, and became involved with social reform and feminist groups, conducting lectures in North America and the United Kingdom on various subjects as trade unions and women’s suffrage. She also had articles published in the New England MagazineThe Giant Wistaria (1891) was followed by “The Yellow Wallpaper” (1892), and In This Our World (1893) a collection of her poems.
In 1896 Gilman was living in Chicago, Illinois where she continued to write and associate with numerous other pioneering women of social reform including Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, founders of the settlement house `Hull House’. Gilman’s Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Relations (1898) became a best seller which was translated into several different languages and highly lauded internationally, making her one of the few commercially successful women writers of the time. In 1900 she married her cousin George Houghton Gilman (who died suddenly in 1934), a lawyer in New York city.
Concerning Children (1900) was followed by The Home: Its Work and Influence(1903). Gilman was also busy writing for and publishing her own monthly journalThe Forerunner from 1909-1916. What Diantha Did (1910), Suffrage Song and Verses (1911), The Man Made World or Our Androcentric Culture (1911), andMoving the Mountain (1911) were followed by Herland (1915). It is the utopian tale of three male explorers who discover an all-female society, free of war, poverty, and oppressive domination. With Her in Ourland (1916) followed. Gilman also wrote His Religion and Hers in 1923.

In 1932 Gilman was diagnosed with inoperable breast cancer and by 1934 had moved back to California. She died by an overdose of chloroform on 17 August, 1935. The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography (1935). In 1994 Gilman was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in Seneca, New York
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Friday, 27 February 2015

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Love Wallpaper Biography

Source:- Google.com.pk

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (/ˈɡɪlmən/; July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935) was a prominent American feminist, sociologist, novelist, writer of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction, and a lecturer for social reform. She was a utopian feminist during a time when her accomplishments were exceptional for women, and she served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle. Her best remembered work today is her semi-autobiographical short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" which she wrote after a severe bout of postpartum psychosis.
Gilman was born on July 3, 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut, to Mary Perkins (formerly Mary Fitch Westcott) and Frederic Beecher Perkins. She had only one brother, Thomas Adie, who was fourteen months older, because a physician advised Mary Perkins that she might die if she bore other children. During Charlotte's infancy, her father moved out and abandoned his wife and children, leaving them in an impoverished state.[1] Since their mother was unable to support the family on her own, the Perkinses were often in the presence of aunts on her father's side of the family, namely Isabella Beecher Hooker, a suffragist, Harriet Beecher Stowe (author of Uncle Tom's Cabin) and Catharine Beecher.
At the age of five, Gilman taught herself to read because her mother was ill.[2] Her mother was not affectionate with her children. To keep them from getting hurt as she had been, she forbade her children to make strong friendships or read fiction. In her autobiography, The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Gilman wrote that her mother showed affection only when she thought her young daughter was asleep.[3] Although she lived a childhood of isolated, impoverished loneliness, she unknowingly prepared herself for the life that lay ahead by frequently visiting the public library and studying ancient civilizations on her own. Additionally, her father's love for literature influenced her, and years later he contacted her with a list of books he felt would be worthwhile for her to read.[4]
Much of Gilman's youth was spent in Providence, Rhode Island. What friends she had were mainly male, and she was unashamed, for her time, to call herself a "tomboy."[5] She attended seven different public schools, and was a correspondent student of the Society to Encourage Studies at Home[6] but studied only until she was fifteen.[7] Her natural intelligence and breadth of knowledge always impressed her teachers, who were nonetheless disappointed in her because she was a poor student.[8] Her favorite subject was "natural philosophy," especially what later would become known as physics. In 1878, the eighteen-year-old enrolled in classes at the Rhode Island School of Design with the monetary help of her absent father,[9] and subsequently supported herself as an artist of trade cards. She was a tutor, and encouraged others to expand their artistic creativity.[10]She was also a painter.


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Hd Wallpaper Biography

Source:- Google.com.pk

Wallpaper is a kind of material used to cover and decorate the interior walls of homes, offices, cafes, government buildings, museums, post offices, and other buildings; it is one aspect of interior decoration. It is usually sold in rolls and is put onto a wall usingwallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper" (so that it can be painted or used to help cover uneven surfaces and minor wall defects thus giving a better surface), textured (such as Anaglypta), with a regular repeating pattern design, or, much less commonly today, with a single non-repeating large design carried over a set of sheets.
Wallpaper printing techniques include surface printinggravure printing, silk screen-printingrotary printing, and digital printing. Wallpaper is made in long rolls, which are hung vertically on a wall. Patterned wallpapers are designed so that the pattern "repeats", and thus pieces cut from the same roll can be hung next to each other so as to continue the pattern without it being easy to see where the join between two pieces occurs. In the case of large complex patterns of images this is normally achieved by starting the second piece halfway into the length of the repeat, so that if the pattern going down the roll repeats after 24 inches the next piece sideways is cut from the roll to begin 12 inches down the pattern from the first. The number of times the pattern repeats horizontally across a roll does not matter for this purpose.[1] A single pattern can be issued in several different colorways.
The main historical techniques are: hand-painting, woodblock printing (overall the most common), stencilling, and various types of machine-printing. The first three all date back to before 1700.[2]
Wallpaper, using the printmaking technique of woodcut, gained popularity in Renaissance Europe amongst the emerging gentry. The social elite continued to hang largetapestries on the walls of their homes, as they had in the Middle Ages. These tapestries added color to the room as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were extremely expensive and so only the very rich could afford them. Less well-off members of the elite, unable to buy tapestries due either to prices or wars preventing international trade, turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms.
Early wallpaper featured scenes similar to those depicted on tapestries, and large sheets of the paper were sometimes hung loose on the walls, in the style of tapestries, and sometimes pasted as today. Prints were very often pasted to walls, instead of being framed and hung, and the largest sizes of prints, which came in several sheets, were probably mainly intended to be pasted to walls. Some important artists made such pieces - notably Albrecht Dürer, who worked on both large picture prints and also ornament prints - intended for wall-hanging. The largest picture print was The Triumphal Arch commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and completed in 1515. This measured a colossal 3.57 by 2.95 metres, made up of 192 sheets, and was printed in a first edition of 700 copies, intended to be hung in palaces and, in particular, town halls, after hand-coloring.
Very few samples of the earliest repeating pattern wallpapers survive, but there are a large number of old master prints, often in engraving of repeating or repeatable decorative patterns. These are called ornament prints and were intended as models for wallpaper makers, among other uses.
England and France were leaders in European wallpaper manufacturing. Among the earliest known samples is one found on a wall from England and is printed on the back of a London proclamation of 1509. It became very popular in England following Henry VIII's excommunication from the Catholic Church - English aristocrats had always imported tapestries from Flanders and Arras, but Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church had resulted in a fall in trade with Europe. Without any tapestry manufacturers in England, English gentry and aristocracy alike turned to wallpaper.
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Sunday, 22 February 2015

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Wallpaper Free Biography

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1915
The Ecological Society of America is formed. From its beginning, there is some disagreement about its mission: Should it exist only to support ecologists and publish research or should it also pursue an agenda to preserve natural areas?
1917
From the activist wing within the Ecological Society, the Committee for the Preservation of Natural Conditions, chaired by Victor Shelford, is created.
1926
The Committee publishes The Naturalist's Guide to the Americas, an attempt to catalog all the known patches of wilderness left in North and Central America.
1946
A small group of scientists form the Ecologists Union, resolving to take “direct action” to save threatened natural areas.
1950
The Ecologists Union changes its name to The Nature Conservancy.
1951
The Nature Conservancy is incorporated as a nonprofit organization in the District of Columbia on October 22.
1954
The Nature Conservancy grants its first official chapter charter in Eastern New York, launching a network of chapters and field offices that grows to cover the entire United States.
1955
Land acquisition, a key protection tool for the Conservancy, begins with a 60-acre purchase along the Mianus River Gorge on the New York/Connecticut border. The Conservancy provides $7,500 to finance the purchase, with the provision that the loan be repaid for use in other conservation efforts. The revolving loan fund that results — the Land Preservation Fund — is still the organization’s foremost conservation tool.
1961
The Nature Conservancy embarks on its first partnership with a public agency, the Bureau of Land Management, to help co-manage an important old-growth forest in California.
The Nature Conservancy receives its first donated conservation easement, on 6 acres of Bantam River salt marsh in Connecticut. The easement allows the landowner to retain title to the ecologically valuable property while giving the Conservancy the right to enforce restrictions on certain types of harmful activities.
1962
The Nature Conservancy conducts the first prescribed burn at the Helen Allison Savanna Preserve north of Minneapolis.
1965
A gift from the Ford Foundation enables the Nature Conservancy to hire its first full-time, paidpresident.
1966
The Nature Conservancy purchases Mason Neck, Virginia, as part of a plan to later sell it to the federal government. It is the first such deal of this magnitude with the government — an arrangement that comes to be known as a government co-op.
1970
Robert E. Jenkins joins the Conservancy as vice president for science and leads the organization to create a biological inventory of the United States, introducing heightened scientific rigor to land acquisition choices. The inventory provides the impetus to create the state Natural Heritage Network.
1974
The Natural Heritage Network covers all 50 states. Its sophisticated databases provide the most complete information about the existence and location of species and natural communities in the United States. The methodology becomes the national standard and is adopted by numerous partner organizations and federal and state governments and universities.
1980
The Nature Conservancy launches its International Conservation Program to identify natural areas and conservation organizations in Latin America in need of technical and financial assistance.
1988
With the purchase of $240,000 in Costa Rican debt, The Nature Conservancy completes its first “debt-for-nature” swap to support conservation in Braulio Carillo National Park. The Conservancy signs a landmark agreement with the U.S. Department of Defense to assist in managing 25 million acres of military land.
1989
With funding from the U.S. Congress, The Nature Conservancy launches the Parks in Peril program, designed to protect 50 million acres in Central and South America and the Caribbean by helping local nonprofit and governmental organizations provide effective park stewardship.
The Nature Conservancy purchases the 32,000-acre Barnard Ranch in Oklahoma’s Osage Hills and establishes the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. Here, the Conservancy has undertaken its largest restoration effort to date, re-creating a fully functioning tallgrass prairie by reintroducing bison and fire to the ecosystem.
1990
A new office in Koror, Republic of Palau, represents The Nature Conservancy’s first expansion beyond the Western Hemisphere.
1991
The Nature Conservancy launches its Last Great Places: An Alliance for People and the Environment initiative, a multinational, $300 million effort to protect large-scale ecosystems by making people part of the solution. The initiative emphasizes core reserve areas surrounded by buffer zones, where appropriate human uses are encouraged.
1994
The Nature Conservancy opens its first South American office, in Brazil’s capital, Brasilia.
1995
The Nature Conservancy adopts Conservation by Design, a cutting-edge ecoregional approach for setting conservation priorities and taking action. Drawing on the lessons learned through the Last Great Places initiative and guided by scientific data from the Natural Heritage Network, the Conservancy begins to employ this framework for identifying the suite of sites that must be protected to conserve the biological diversity of the Western Hemisphere.
1999
The Nature Conservancy's Membership surpasses 1 million.
2000
The Conservancy announces The Campaign for Conservation, an effort to raise $1 billion to preserve 200 Last Great Places and complete a Conservation Blueprint identifying the places that must be conserved to ensure lasting protection of our natural heritage. The Campaign concluded at the end of 2003 after raising a total $1.4 billion.
The Conservancy spins off its 85-center Natural Heritage Network into a new independent organization, the Association for Biodiversity Information (later named NatureServe).
The Conservancy and the Association for Biodiversity Information publish Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States, the most comprehensive analysis to date of biodiversity in the United States. Precious Heritage warns that 1/3 of the plant and animal species found in the United States are in peril.
2002
The Fire Learning Network is launched as a joint project of The Nature Conservancy, the USDA Forest Service and several agencies of the U.S. Department of the Interior.
2001
Steve McCormick begins as President and Chief Executive Officer of The Nature Conservancy in February.
The Nature Conservancy turns 50. In celebration, 12 renowned photographers, including Annie Leibovitz and William Wegman, capture the rich and complex splendor of some of the “Last Great Places” in the Conservancy’s In Response to Place photography exhibit.
2003
Transforming a bankruptcy into a conservation opportunity, The Nature Conservancy, Conservation International and World Wildlife Fund, partnered with Chilean environmental organizations to protect the rare plants and wildlife on 147,500 acres of biologically rich temperate rainforest in the Valdivian Coastal Range in southern Chile.
The Nature Conservancy and The National Park Service jointly purchased the 116,000-acre Kahuku Ranch in Hawaii for addition to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The purchase increases the size of the 217,000-acre park by fifty percent, and is the largest land conservation transaction in Hawaii’s history.
2004
After more than a decade of work to conserve the 151-square mile Baca Ranch in Colorado, The Nature Conservancy completes the last of a complex set of real estate transactions, clearing the way for the protection of the ranch and the designation of the nation’s newest national park, the Great Sand Dunes National Park.
During a five-week expedition through Indonesia’s karst systems — limestone caves, cliffs and sinkholes — a team of international scientists led by The Nature Conservancy discover several new species, including a “monster” cockroach that is believed to be the largest known species of cockroach in the world.
2006
Through the Micronesia Challenge, five Micronesian governments commit to conserve 30 percent of nearshore marine resources and 20 percent of forest resources by 2020.
The Nature Conservancy launches its Africa program.
2007
The Conservancy protects 161,000 acres of forest in New York’s Adirondacks, the last big tract of privately owned timberland in the park.  The transaction allows selective logging to continue for 20 years, helping to preserve 850 jobs at a local mill.
The Conservancy and Conservation International broker the largest ever debt-for-nature swap under the Tropical Forest Conservation Act.  The forgiven debt provides $26 million in conservation funding for Costa Rican tropical forests identified as conservation gaps by the Conservancy.
2008
Mark Tercek, former head of the Goldman Sachs Center for Environmental Markets, begins as President and Chief Executive Officer of The Nature Conservancy in July.

The Nature Conservancy and The Trust for Public Land preserve the Crown of the Continent — 312,000 acres of western Montana forestland. This region has sustained all of its species — including grizzlies, lynx, moose and bull trout — since Lewis & Clark.
2009
The Nature Conservancy was a catalyst for bringing together leaders from six nations to launch the Coral Triangle Initiative. The coalition seeks to ensure the sustainability of marine and coastal resources that provide livelihoods and food security for more than 120 million people in the region.
The Nature Conservancy was instrumental in the campaign to pass the Clean Water, Land and Legacy amendment to the Minnesota Constitution, the largest public funding initiative for the environment in U.S. history amounting to an estimated $300 million per year in dedicated funding for the next 25 years.
2010
Through the work of The Nature Conservancy and its partners, bison were reintroduced to the Conservancy’s El Uno Ecological Reserve in Chihuahua, Mexico, helping the Conservancy to restore Mexico’s once-vast prairie ecosystem. These bison will serve as a “seed herd” for grassland recovery projects across the country.
The Conservancy’s China Blueprint—a massive survey of conservation priorities—played a big role in forming China’s national conservation plan. The plan will guide conservation in China for years to come, and calls for a halt to the loss of all biodiversity in the country by 2020 in addition to setting a number of priority conservation areas.
2011
In January 2011, just eight months after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster, more than 500 volunteers joined us in Mobile Bay, Ala., to launch the 100-1000 Coastal Alabama effort by restoring an oyster reef. By July, Conservancy scientists were already seeing sediment accumulation, coastal marsh and seagrass recovery and an increase in birds and fish using the area.
2012
The Nature Conservancy, the Dow Chemical Company and The Dow Chemical Company Foundation launched a breakthrough collaboration to demonstrate that valuing nature can be a corporate priority that supports a company’s global business strategy. Over the course of five years, the organizations are working together to develop tools and demonstrate models for valuing nature in business decisions.
The Conservancy donated 24,000 acres of native forest of its Valdivian Coastal Reserve in southern Chile for the creation of the Alerce Coastal National Park, which protects 61,000 acres of some of the world’s last temperate rainforests, including alerce trees thousands of years old.


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Free Wallpapers Biography

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Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an eminent American writer of non-fiction and short stories, novelist, feminist social reformer, lecturer and commercial artist.
Born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1860, Charlotte Anne Perkins was related through her father Beecher to the famous Lyman Beecher, Henry Ward Beecher, Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Soon after she was born, young Charlotte’s father (an accomplished writer) abandoned her mother and left her to raise Charlotte and her older brother. Impoverished, and without means of support except for the infrequent appearances of her wayward husband, Charlotte’s mother spent time living with various family members in Rhode Island. She often left Charlotte in the care of her aunts – Catherine Beecher whose brand of “domestic feminism” would come to be seen as no better than domestic slavery by her niece; Isabella Beecher Hooker, whose suffragist activism inspired her neice; and Harriet Beecher Stower, the famous author of Uncle Tom's Cabin and champion of abolition whose failure to apply the same standards to the treatment of women would be corrected by the actions of her niece.
Charlotte’s mother did not show her children any affection in an effort to prepare them for what she perceived as the world’s callousness. She would, however, display signs of affection when she thought her daughter was sleeping and unaware of her mother’s attention. Young Charlotte was intelligent and taught herself to read through frequent trips to the public libraries. She attended public schools until she was fifteen and, though she impressed her teachers with the power of her mind, she failed to perform as a student. She was deeply interested in subjects which would later come to be identified with the emerging discipline of Sociology. Because the subjects that fired her interested the most were strictly the prevue of male scholars, however, Perkins chose to study art at the Rhode Island School of Design where she supported herself by making trade cards. During this time she also dabbled in painting and tutored young students.
At the age of 24, Charlotte reluctantly married Charles Stetson, an artist whose proposal she had initially declined. A year later they had a baby girl, named Katharine Beecher Stetson, and Charlotte began to suffer from depression. After three years of suffering, which a trip to Pasadena, CA did little to abate, Charlotte agreed to undergo the “rest” treatment being espoused by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, a leading physician of the day.  The treatement included:
  • bed rest
  • isolation
  • overfeeding to increase body weight
  • massage and occasional use of electricity to stimulate the muscles
It was an extreme method intended to bring about the same state of patient dependence upon the clinician as being practiced by the Freudians in Europe. In the initial stage of the “rest” treatment, the patient could not leave her bed, sew, talk, read, write or even feed herself.
Mitchell’s instructions to Gilman after a month under his care were to return home and “Live as domestic a life as possible. Have your child with you all the time. . . . Lie down an hour after each meal. Have but two hours’ intellectual life a day. And never touch pen, brush or pencil as long as you live.”
It was too much for Charlotte and in 1888 she fled her husband and doctor to resettle in California. She began to be active as a suffragist lecturer. In 1892 she wrote her most enduring work, a short story critique of her experience under Mitchell’s care entitled “The Yellow Wallpaper” but it was her first book of poems In This Our World(1893) that established her as a writer. In 1894 she divorced Charles Stetson and sent her daughter back East to live with her ex-husband and his new wife, a friend of Charlotte’s whom she considered as, if not more, capable of raising young Katherine.
From 1894-1895 she served as the editor of the Impress, a feminist literary magazine and in 1897 she completed work on her groundbreaking Women and Economics (1898), in which she espoused that only by achieving economic independence could women truly achieve equality with men.
Gilman’s married her first cousin, a New York attorney named George Houghton Gilman, in 1900. Gilman’s notoriety as a leading lecturer on women’s rights coupled with the success of Women and Economics led to her inclusion in the International Congress of Women held in Berlin in 1903 and subsequent speaking tours of England and Europe.
From 1909-1916, she edited and published her own magazine The Forerunner in which many of her works first appeared, including: What Diantha Did, (1910), The Crux, (1911), Moving the Mountain, (1911), and Herland (1915).
Though her marriage to George Houghton Gilman was increasingly unhappy, they did not divorce. Rather, Charlotte moved from New York to her husband’s homestead in Norwich, CT.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s lectures and writings such as “The Home” (1903), Human Work (1904), and The Man-Made World (1911), reveal the mind of an avid humanist dedicated to equality of the sexes. Among her groundbreaking theories were:
  • Women are subjugated by men
  • Becoming a mother should not prevent a woman from working outside the home
  • In the future, tasks such as cooking, child care and housekeeping would be taken care of by professionals
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